One Day of My Life

December 13

My name is Lera. I’m 16 and I live in Rivne. I’m writing about one day of my life, and this day is Tuesday.

My life isn’t full of adventures – it is usual, normal, nothing special. But it’s my life and I like it. And every day is important, it’s a chance to do something special.

Now every workday is very similar to another, but they all are different.

On Tuesday I usually want to wake up at 7 o’clock – I really want. But every day (also yesterday) I leave my bed with extreme efforts at 7:20 and start to hurry. Next, as usual, I brash teeth, make up, do something nice with my hair and get dressed. Then, listening my mum’s shout that I’m late, I go downstairs to have breakfast. My mother always makes it for me and my brother – usually it is sandwich and tea. Next, I with my brother, as usual, run out of the house, because it is already near 8:25 and the lessons begin at 8:30. So we always hurry. But it is not a trouble. Our dad drive us to school and we are just in time, however, we are a bit shocked after these “races”.

So lessons begin at 8:30. On Tuesday I have 7 lessons. As usual, they are lo-o-ong and bo-o-oring. But I with my classmates know how to entertain ourselves. Every day, Tuesday is not an exception, is full of jokes and laugh. Lessons finish at 15:05. On Tuesday I don’t any courses or extra lessons, so I go straight home. I have dinner , like every pupil. Then I do my homework, surf the Net, listen to music – nothing extraordinary. When homework is done I have supper and then I go for a walk with my friends. It is the best part of this long, dull, grey day. I like these people. They are the funniest, the coolest and simply the best. Time with them is so enjoying, so pleasant, so great and thrilling that I forget about all problems, all troubles, tiredness; I throw away all gloomy emotions  and every heavy-hearted thought. I have a lot, even too much, fun with my friends.

After that I return home, wash myself up and try to go to bed. I always try to go to bed earlier, but always something appears and hinders me to do that. So I usually go to sleep at midnight (at least). And this moment , when I lie down into the bed, is the most pleasant. I feel myself so great. The bed is soft – I can relax and dream about something wonderful. Then slumber comes and takes me to the world of sweet dreams, true love and happiness. And my day comes to the end…  

Tunica tribe

It was 150 years before another European group records the Tunica. In 1699 when encountered by the LaSource expedition ( coming downriver from Canada ), the Tunica were a modest tribe numbering only a few hundred warriors. By the time the French arrived, the Central Mississippi Valley was sparsely occupied by the Quapaw, who were significant allies to them and aided their successful settlement.

The French established a mission among the Tunica around 1700, on the Yazoo River. Father Antoine Davion was assigned as the missionary for the Tunica, as well as the smaller tribes of the Koroas, the Yazoo, and Couspe (or Houspe) tribes. The Tunica were skilled traders and entrepreneurs, especially in the manufacture and distribution of salt, a valuable item to both native and Europeans. Tunica were the middlemen in the movement of salt from the Caddoan areas to the French.

By the early 18th century, the tribes along the lower Mississippi River were a target of Chickasaw raids for the English slave trade in South Carolina. By 1706 the Tunica decided to move. With their enemies the Natchez to their immediate south, they moved to the Mississippi side of the Mississippi and Red River confluence. This allowed them to keep control of their salt trade, as the Red River also connected to their salt source in the Caddoan areas. They established a loose collection of hamlets and villages at their new home in Angola, Louisiana.

In 1729 the chiefs of the village sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa, Illinois, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Natchez Rebellion or Natchez War expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side.

After the attack at Angola, in 1731 the Tunica moved a few miles away to the Trudeau site. Over the years, they buried as grave goods large amounts of European trade goods, including beads, porcelain, muskets, kettles and other items, as well as locally produced pottery in the Tunica tribal style. When discovered in the 20th century, these artifacts attested to the extensive trade with Europeans, as well as the wealth of the Tunica. They stayed at this location into the 1760s, when the French ceded control to the Spanish following the Seven Years' War.

In 1764 the Tunica moved fifteen miles south of the Trudeau Landing site to just outside the French settlement at Pointe Coupée. During this time, numerous Anglo-American settlers migrated into the region. The Tunica had become acculturated to European ways, although they still tattooed themselves and practiced some of their native religious customs. With the British in charge of the Western Florida colony at this time, and the Spanish in control of Louisiana, politics were volatile in the area. In 1779 Governor Galvez led a force which included Tunica and other tribes to take the British-held town of Baton Rouge. This was the last military campaign for which the Tunica were recorded.

By sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s, the Tunica moved again, probably because of the large influx of Anglo-Americans. They moved west to a site on the Red River named Avoyelles. The only U.S. government mention of the Tunica from 1803 to 1938 was made in 1806 by an Indian Commissioner for Louisiana. He noted that the Tunica only numbered about 25 men, lived in Avoyelles Parish, and made their livings by occasionally hiring out as boatmen. Although the Tunica were prosperous at this time, eventually problems with their white neighbors would take its toll. The Tunica became subsistence farmers, with some hunting and fishing to support themselves. Others turned to sharecropping on their white neighbors' land. As the 20th century dawned, the Tunica talked about their ancient heritage. They had managed to retain possession of the majority of their land, some still spoke the Tunica language, and their traditional tribal ceremonies were still being practiced.

The modern Tunica-Biloxi tribe live in Mississippi and east central Louisiana. The reservation has a land area of 1.682 km². The Tunica language is a language isolate. When the last known fluent speaker, Sesostrie Youchigant, died, the language became extinct. Linguist Mary Haas worked with Youchigant to describe what he remembered of the language, and the description was published in A Grammar of the Tunica Language in 1941, followed by Tunica Texts in 1950 and Tunica Dictionary in 1953.

External links:
http://www.tunicabiloxi.org/tribal_history.php?PHPSESSID=1ef4b2c007154f00763bcb4a9883c8aa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi

Task 2 (The State of Virginia in the Civil War)

The Commonwealth of Virginia was a prominent part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The convention called to act for the state during the secession crisis opened on February 13, 1861, after seven seceding states had formed the Confederacy on February 4. Unionist delegates dominated the convention and defeated a motion to secede on April 4. The convention deliberated for several months, but on April 15 President Abraham Lincoln called for troops from all states still in the Union in response to the Confederate capture of Fort Sumter. On April 17, the Virginia convention voted to secede, pending ratification of the decision by the voters. With the entry of Virginia into the Confederacy, a decision was made in May to move the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, in part because the defense of Virginia's capital was deemed strategically vital to the Confederacy's survival regardless of its political status. Virginians ratified the articles of secession on May 23. The following day, the Union army moved into northern Virginia and captured Alexandria without a fight.

Most of the battles in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War took place in Virginia because the Confederacy had to defend its national capital at Richmond, and public opinion in the North demanded that the Union move "On to Richmond!" The remarkable success of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond is a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capital, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

Here you can find more information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War


See also:
1)Civil War Begins:
http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/union_or_secession/unit/12
2)Guerrilla Warfare in Virginia During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Guerrilla_Warfare_in_Virginia_During_the_Civil_War
3)Refugees During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Refugees_During_the_Civil_War
4)Free Blacks During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Free_Blacks_During_the_Civil_War
5)Poverty and Poor Relief During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Poverty_and_Poor_Relief_During_the_Civil_War
6)Speculation During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Speculation_During_the_Civil_War
7)Weather During the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Weather_During_the_Civil_War
8)Religion in the Civil War:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Religion_During_the_Civil_War
9)Twenty-Slave Law:
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Twenty-Slave_Law

Some information from blogs that I've already seen

The State of New Jersey:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey#Climate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey#Geography

The State of PENNSYLVANIA:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pennsylvania
http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm
http://www.thingstodo.com/states/PA/history.htm

The State of New York:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City
http://www.nycgo.com/
http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=true

THE STATE OF VIRGINIA:
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia.Virginia is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States.Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities.Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its metropolitan area has a population of over 1.2 million. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna.

The State of PENNSYLVANIA:
Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802, based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States, and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state (such as the Declaration of Independence).
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania borders six other states: New York to the north; New Jersey to the east; Delaware and Maryland to the southeast; West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west. Pennsylvania also shares a water border with Canada.

Task 1 (Literature)

1)The Puritans came to the US to escape religious persecution in Europe.

2)Hester's adultery was considered a crime because it was perceived as a threat to the law, faith, and morality of the Puritan community.

3) Hester keeps secret the fact that Roger Chillingworth is her husband, who has been presumed dead.

4)In Puritan New England, anyone who acted strangely—male or female—risked being accused of being a witch. Most commonly, however, any women who were perceived as overly proud, discontented, angry, envious, or malicious were accused of being witches.

5)As Dimmesdale sinks deeper and deeper into despair over his guilt, his preaching becomes more and more powerful and evocative for his congregation. They begin to see him as utterly holy and sanctified.



External link:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.

Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne". He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

External links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne

Mayflower

The Mayflower was the ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from a site near the Mayflower Steps in Plymouth, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts, (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony), in 1620. There were 102 passengers and a crew of 25–30.

The vessel left England on September 6, 1620 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, which claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11/November 21. The Mayflower was originally destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay. On March 21/31, 1621, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on April 5/15, the Mayflower, a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England. In 1623, a year after the death of captain Christopher Jones, the Mayflower was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe, London.

The Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States. With their religion oppressed by the English Church and government, English Dissenters called Pilgrims who comprised about half of the passengers on the ship desired a life where they could practice their religion freely. This symbol of religious freedom resonates in U.S. society and the story of the Mayflower is a staple of any American history textbook. Americans whose roots are traceable back to New England often believe themselves to be descended from Mayflower passengers.

The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from William Bradford who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.

External links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower

State of Virginia

Flag of Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million. The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest legislature in the Americas. The state government has been repeatedly ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States. Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area. Virginia is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes. The climate of Virginia becomes increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east. Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 26 °F (−3 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. The Atlantic ocean has a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the state. Influenced by the Gulf Stream, coastal weather is subject to hurricanes, most pronouncedly near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.

State symbols

The state nickname is its oldest symbol, though it has never been made official by law. Virginia was given the title "Dominion" by King Charles II of England at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown during the English Civil War, and the present moniker, "Old Dominion" is a reference to that title. The other nickname, "Mother of Presidents", is also historic, as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five. The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930. The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century. The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance. Virginia currently has no state song. In 1940, Virginia made "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus. Various alternatives, including a version of "Oh Shenandoah", have met with resistance in the Virginia House of Delegates.

External links:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia